Physical properties (density, viscosity, and interfacial tension) of water, select reference fluids, pure NAPLs, and field aged/weathered DNAPLs (including chlorinated solvents, mixed DNAPLs, MGP coal tar, and coal tar creosote). All values were measured at 20° to 25°C unless noted otherwise.
Liquid	Release Source and Age/Date	Sample Source and Date	NAPL Composition	Density (g/cc^-³)	Viscosity (cP)	Interfacial Tension, Water Interface (dynes∙cm^-1)	References
Water				0.998	1.0	74.4 (air)
Gasoline				0.71–0.77	0.5	27 (15°C)	Wang et al. 2006
Diesel fuel				0.80–0.85	1.1–3.5	27 (15°C)	Wang et al. 2006
TCE, pure			100% TCE	1.46	0.57	34.5	Pankow and Cherry 1996 Cohen et al. 1993
TCE-rich spent vapor degreasing solvent DNAPL at Hill Air Force Base, UT OU2	Spent degreasing solvents (mainly TCE) were disposed of in unlined trenches between 1967 and 1975.	~41,000 gallons of DNAPL have been pumped from a sand and gravel channel aquifer ~45–50 ft bgs that is underlain by clay. DNAPL sampled from recovery wells was analyzed circa 1994.	DNAPL consisted of TCE (53%–60%), TCA (5%–12%), PCE (3%–5%), and other chlorinated degreasing solvents and oil and grease (~25%).	1.38	0.78	9	Oolman et al. 1995 Jackson and Dwarakanath 1999 Meinardus et al. 2000 Dwarakanath et al. 2002 USAF 2009
TCE degreasing solvent DNAPL (unused) from a metal parts manufacturer in Connecticut (Site A)	TCE was apparently released from leaking USTs and product distribution lines between the late 1950s and the early 1970s.	DNAPL, which had accumulated at the bottom of a glacial outwash sand aquifer (~30 ft bgs) above a thick clay layer, was pumped from two wells and analyzed in 1996.	>99.5% TCE with minor PCE, CCl₄, and TCA	1.45	0.54–0.55	21.1–23.5	Parker et al. 2003 Chapman and Parker 2005
PCE, pure			100% PCE	1.63	0.9	44.4	Pankow and Cherry 1996 Cohen et al. 1993
PCE DNAPL from a dry cleaning facility at Camp Lejeune, NC, Site 88	PCE dry cleaning fluid releases occurred between the 1970s and 1995 from leaking USTs, floor drains, and pipes.	DNAPL was located adjacent to and beneath the dry cleaning building in fine sand and silt at 17–20 ft bgs just above a clay layer. The analyzed DNAPL sample was pumped from a well in 1997.	The reduced density suggests that the PCE DNAPL contained a small fraction of dissolved mineral oils and grease.	1.588	0.85–1.10	10.4	Duke Engineering & Services 1999 Dwarakanath et al. 2002
PCE-rich vapor degreaser solvent DNAPL recovered from a well in shallow alluvium at Kelly Air Force Base, TX	Solvents, which leaked from degreasers and piping between the 1940s and 1980s, migrated to and pooled in alluvial deposits at ~40 ft bgs.	DNAPL was discovered in 1997 beneath buildings that housed metal plating and degreasing operations. Approximately 1,000 gallons of DNAPL was pumped from the alluvium in 1998.	PCE-rich DNAPL	1.60	0.9	14.6	USEPA 2000 Dwarakanath et al. 2002
PCE degreasing solvent DNAPL (unused) from a former plating shop degreaser and a PCE bulk storage tank at the Connecticut ‘B’ Site	PCE solvent was apparently released from degreasers and USTs between 1950 and the late 1980s.	DNAPL present in fine to coarse sand layers was pumped from two wells in 2003.	>99.9% PCE, <0.1% TCE	1.62	1.11	23.6–34.2	Parker et al. 2003
Mixed TCE and PCE vapor-degreasing DNAPL from Site X701B at the USDOE’s Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, OH	An estimated 80,000 gallons of solvent waste from degreasing and other operations was released to a holding pond between 1953 and 1988.	DNAPL migrated into the lower sand and gravel unit of the Gallia Sand at approximately 30 ft bgs. Sample analysis was performed in 1995.	Lab analysis of a DNAPL sample indicated three times more TCE than PCE, but contaminant recoveries in the analysis were very low.	1.43	4	NR	Young et al. 1999
Mixed chemical waste DNAPLs, including chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols, and chlorotoluenes from the Love Canal chemical waste landfill in Niagara Falls, NY	An estimated 22,000 tons of chemical plant wastes was deposited in an abandoned canal and pits between 1942 and 1954.	DNAPL was sampled from eight wells completed into the buried waste cells in 1988.	Lab analyses indicate that the DNAPLs are variable complex multi-component mixtures.	1.09–1.50	<16–270	NR	Cohen et al. 1993
Chlorobenzene			100% chlorobenzene	1.11	0.799	37.4	Mercer and Cohen 1990
DNAPL (mixed chlorobenzene and DDT) from the Montrose Chemical Superfund Site, a former DDT manufacturing facility in Los Angeles County, CA	Mixed chlorobenzene and DDT DNAPL was released from the Central Processing Area of the Montrose facility, presumably between the 1950s and early 1980s.	DNAPL was documented in silt and sand lenses at ~70 ft– 95 ft bgs within an aquitard unit. DNAPL samples were pumped from four wells in 2003.	Mixed chlorobenzene and DDT, multicomponent DNAPL	1.24–1.25	2.5–2.8	13–15	Hargis and Associates 2004 Davis and Hayworth 2006
DNAPL (mixed chemicals) from the Casmalia Resources Superfund Site in Santa Barbara County, CA	An estimated 5.6 billion pounds of mixed chemical wastes were disposed of in landfills, ponds, trenches, and shallow wells between 1973 and 1989.	DNAPL samples were pumped in 2003 to 2004 from wells completed in fractured claystone at ~75–150 ft bgs.	Complex mixture of numerous VOCs and SVOCs	1.01–1.09	3.3–9.7	2.8–7.1	Casmalia Resources Site Steering Committee 2011
Mixed chlorinated solvent DNAPL (such as PCE or CCl₄) from chemical manufacturing releases the at ICI/Orica Botany Bay site, Sydney, Australia	An estimated 14 million kg of chlorinated hydrocarbons, including PCE, TCE, 1, 2-DCA, and CCl₄, were released in different site areas between 1944 and the 1990s.	DNAPL has migrated down through ~90 ft of sand to a clay layer. Samples taken from three wells in the southern plume area were analyzed in 2006.	Lab analyses indicate major components of the mixed DNAPL area: PCE (55%–60%), CCl₄ (25%–30%), and hexachloroethane (7%–9%).	1.6	0.63 – 3.8	10 - 15	Golder and Associates 2011
Creosote wood-preservative DNAPL				1.01–1.13	20–50	NR	Kueper et al. 2003
Creosote wood-preservative DNAPL from 17 sites				1.065–1.128	11.8–57.1	19.5–27.8	Foster 2013 Personal communication regarding physical property measurements made by Key Environmental, Inc., on DNAPL samples taken from 16 Beazer East, former Koppers, wood-treating and coal tar refining sites in the United States)
Weathered creosote DNAPL pumped from seven wells at the Cabot Carbon/Koppers Superfund site, FL	Creosote used to preserve utility poles and timbers between 1916 and 1992 was released in lagoon, cooling pond, and drip track areas.	Creosote DNAPL has migrated through surficial aquifer sand (~20–25 ft thick) and into the Upper Hawthorne Group clay. DNAPL samples pumped from seven wells were analyzed in 2006.	Weathered creosote DNAPL	1.02–1.10 (60^°C)	4.9–25.5 (40^°C)	17–23	Mercer et al. 2006
Former MGP coal tar typical range of data	~1850 to 1950	Aged releases	Aged MGP coal tar	1.02–1.1	20–100 (but can be much higher)	15–27	See data and references below
Eight former MGP sites	Various	Sampled in 1989 to 1990	Aged MGP coal tar	1.06–1.43	34–6,600 (40^°C)	NR	Lee et al. 1992 EPRI 1993
Spring Gardens Former MGP, Baltimore, MD	Operated from 1955 to ~1973	Coal tar migrated through mixed fill over clay and was pumped from a well ~18 ft bgs. Analyzed samples were collected from 1988 to 1998.	Aged MGP coal tar	1.07– 1.1	56–126 (100^°F)	21.1	EPRI 2000
NW Natural Gas Co., Former MGP, Portland, OR	Former MGP operated from 1915 to 1956; site was also used for coal tar distillation (1965 to 1973) and storage/transfer of creosote and coal tar pitch (post-1977)	Samples were collected in 1998 from wells in shallow fill (22–32 ft bgs) and underlying alluvium (30–80 ft bgs).	Aged MGP coal tar	1.05–1.10	72–113	14.2–15.8	Hahn & Assoc. Inc. 2007
Former MGP coal tar, Auburn, NY	Operated from 1902 to 1946	Sample collected circa 2001	Aged MGP coal tar	1.066	63.6	26.6	Kong 2004 EPRI 2004
Former MGP coal tar, Cape May, NJ	Operated from 1853 to 1937	Sample collected circa 2001	Aged MGP coal tar	1.054	51.0	22.6	Kong 2004 EPRI 2004
Former MGP coal tar, Charleston, SC	Operated from 1855 to 1957	Sample collected circa 2001	Aged MGP coal tar	1.104	425.3	20.7	Kong 2004 EPRI 2004
Former MGP coal tar, Fairfield, IA	Operated from 1878 to 1950	Sample collected circa 2001	Aged MGP coal tar	1.062	62.9	24.1	Kong 2004 EPRI 2004
Former MGP coal tar, Portland, OR	Operated from 1852 to 1965	Sample collected circa 2001	Aged MGP coal tar	1.054	34.7	NM	Kong 2004 EPRI 2004
Former MGP coal tar, Saranac, NY	Operated from 1896 to 1944	Sample collected circa 2001	Aged MGP coal tar	1.062	62.9	24.1	Kong 2004 EPRI 2004
Former MGP coal tar, Shippensburg, PA	Operated from ~1898 to 1948	Sample collected circa 2001	Aged MGP coal tar	1.076	32.0	21.9	Kong 2004 EPRI 2004
Former MGP coal tar, Stroudsburg, PA	Operated from ~1880 to 1945	Sample collected circa 1982	Aged MGP coal tar	1.017 (15.5^°C)	19 (7^°C)	22	Villaume 1985
PCB DNAPLs consisting of variable mixtures of congeners and carrier fluids (for example, chlorobenzenes and mineral oil)				1.1–1.5	10–50	NR	Kueper et al. 2003
Creosote 1		Aged release	Aged release	1.111	74.8	38.9
Creosote 2		Aged release	Aged release	1.046	95.5	35.5
# 6 fuel oil		Aged release	Aged release	1.05	2,300	~40
Mixed DNAPL		17% chlorinated VOCs	17% chlorinated VOCs	1.05	10.4	11.6
Weathered mixed DNAPL		<0.1 % chlorinated VOCs	<0.1 % chlorinated VOCs	1.04	51.7	14.3
NAPL collected at a MGP		MGP tar mix	MGP tar mix	1.03	1,389	83.75
°C = degrees Celsius °F = degrees Fahrenheit bgs = below ground surface DCA = dichloroethane ft = feet g = grams kg = kilograms	NM = not measured NR = not recorded s = seconds SVOC = semivolatile organic compound TCA = trichloroethane USDOE = U.S. Department of Energy UST = underground storage tank VOC = volatile organic compound